Agriculture and horticulture
R. Ahmadi; S. Maleki Farahani
Abstract
To investigate the effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and nitrogen efficiency in Lallemantiaiberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and Lallemantiaroyleana (Benth.) Benth., an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized ...
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To investigate the effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and nitrogen efficiency in Lallemantiaiberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and Lallemantiaroyleana (Benth.) Benth., an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University. The treatments included the sowing date as the main plot at two levels of autumn and spring sowing, and the nitrogen fertilizer at three levels of 0, 50 (8 kg ha-1), and 100%(16 kg ha-1) and two Lallemantia species as the subplots. The results of analysis of variance showed the significance of the effects of sowing date, nitrogen fertilizer, plant species, and the interaction of all three treatments on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content, seed protein, nitrogen, and mucilage content, and nitrogen uptake, use, and utilization efficiencies. The autumn sowing in comparison with the spring one had the most positive and incremental effect on the studied traits except seed nitrogen. The results showed that the application of 16 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer on both sowing dates increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of both Lallemantia species compared to the non-fertilizer application conditions. Increasing the use of nitrogen fertilizer compared to the non-fertilizer application conditions increased the nitrogen uptake and use efficiencies in the autumn and spring sowing dates in both Lallemantia species. Increasing the use of nitrogen fertilizer in the autumn sowing increased the nitrogen use efficiency in both Lallemantia species, but in the spring sowing, the nitrogen use efficiency was higher under the non-fertilizer application conditions compared to the different levels of nitrogen fertilizer application. L.iberica showed a more positive reaction to the nitrogen fertilizer application compared to L.royleana.
T. Karimi Jalilehvandi; S. Maleki Farahani; A.R. Rezazadeh
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of sowing date and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the seed flavonoid content, qualitative and germination characteristics of lady’s mantle (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications ...
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In order to investigate the effect of sowing date and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the seed flavonoid content, qualitative and germination characteristics of lady’s mantle (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2013-2014 crop year. Experimental factors included sowing date at two levels (autumn and spring) and chemical fertilizer at three levels (without fertilizer, half application of required fertilizer (23 kg ha-1 pure N+ 50.6 kg ha-1 P2O5) and full application of required fertilizer (46 kg ha-1 pure N+ 101.2 kg ha-1 P2O5). Flavonoid measurement of the seeds was performed weekly from flowering to seed ripening. The results of the mean comparison showed that the highest seed germination percentage was obtained at autumn sowing (74.8%) with an increase of 11.6% compared to spring sowing and at the full application of required fertilizer (88.6%) with an increase of 73.4% compared to without fertilizer. The application of chemical fertilizer and autumn cultivation of lallemantia significantly increased the percentage of seed mucilage compared to control. Seven days after flowering, the highest flavonoid content was obtained at spring sowing (0.264 mg quercetin per g sample) with an increase of 63.97% compared to autumn sowing, and at no fertilizer treatment (0.282 mg quercetin per g sample) with an increase of 90.54% compared to the full application of required fertilizer (0.148 mg quercetin per g sample). Twenty-eight days after flowering, the highest flavonoid content was obtained at spring sowing (0.554 mg quercetin per g sample) and no fertilizer treatment (0.629 mg quercetin per g sample). In general, the results showed that the autumn sowing date and full application of required chemical fertilizer increased the seed quality in terms of mucilage percentage and germination, but the spring sowing date and no fertilizer treatment increased the flavonoid content of lallemantia seeds.
S. Maleki Farahani; F. Fayyaz; A. Paravar
Abstract
In order to study the effect of sowing date and different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the grain yield, mucilage production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency in Lallemantia royleana Benth., a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete ...
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In order to study the effect of sowing date and different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the grain yield, mucilage production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency in Lallemantia royleana Benth., a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in medicinal plants research center of Shahed University. The treatments included two levels of sowing date (autumn planting in the second week of November (2013) and spring planting in the second week of March (2014)) and three levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (control (without fertilizer), 50%: Npure 23 kg ha-1 + P2O5 50.6 kg ha-1 and 100%: Npure 46 kg ha-1 + P2O5 101.2 kg ha-1). The results showed that the interaction between sowing date and fertilizer application was significant on grain yield, mucilage production, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency. At 50% fertilizer in both sowing dates, the amount of grain yield and mucilage production was obtained 377.15 kg ha-1 and 23.45%, respectively. The highest nitrogen utilization and use (respectively, 33.86 and 5 kg kg-1 at 50% fertilizer) and uptake efficiency (0.13 kg kg-1 at 100% fertilizer) were obtained in autumn planting. The highest phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency (respectively, 0.06 and 11 kg kg1) was observed at 50% fertilizer in spring planting. The results showed the importance of nitrogen in Lallemantia royleana production in both sowing dates.
T. Karimi Jalilehvandi; S. Maleki Farahani; A.R. Rezazadeh
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of autumn and spring sowing date and different amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on qualitative characteristics and seed germination of Lallemantia (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of autumn and spring sowing date and different amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on qualitative characteristics and seed germination of Lallemantia (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was conducted in Medicinal Plant Research Center of the Shahed University during 2013-2014. The factors were sowing date at two levels (autumn and spring) and chemical fertilizer at three levels (without fertilizer, half dose of fertilizer (23 kg/ha N+ 50.6 kg/ha P2O5) and full doze of fertilizer (46 kg/ha N+ 101.2 kg/ha P2O5). Results for analysis of variance showed that the effect of sowing date on percentage of mucilage, germination percentage, mean germination time and germination rate, Catalase activity during grain filling, percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus was significant however on seed vigor index (SVI-II) was not-significant. The effect of chemical fertilizers on all traits was significant. The interaction effect of sowing date and fertilizer was not significant on all traits except the Catalase activity, percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus. Mean comparison showed that the highest seed germination percentage (74.815) was related to the autumn sowing and full amount of fertilizer (88.611). Regarding to the sowing date, the highest percentage of germination was related to the fall sowing (74.81) and regarding to fertilizer application, the full amount of fertilizer had the highest germination percentage (88.81). The highest catalase activity was 28 days after flowering in the autumn sowing and control (0.0075), and the lowest catalase activity was 7 days after flowering in spring planting and full dose of fertilizer (0.0014). For high germination indices, fertilizer and fall planting is recommended. Generally, results showed that fall sowing date and full dose of chemical fertilizer (46 kg/ha N and 101.2 kg/ha P2O5) produced seeds with higher seed vigor compared to other treatments.
M. Abdolahi; S. Maleki Farahani
Abstract
Irrigation treatments were applied at two levels of 40% and 60% available soil water (ASW) depletion on Mashhad and Urmia ecotypes of two Lallemantia speciesincluding L. iberica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and L. royleana. (Benth.) Benth. Increased available soil water depletion caused an increased seed mucilage ...
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Irrigation treatments were applied at two levels of 40% and 60% available soil water (ASW) depletion on Mashhad and Urmia ecotypes of two Lallemantia speciesincluding L. iberica Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and L. royleana. (Benth.) Benth. Increased available soil water depletion caused an increased seed mucilage percentage. The highest percentage of seed mucilage was obtained in 60% ASW depletion, L. royleana, and ecotype of Mashhad. The highest (11.22kg/ha) and lowest (6.25kg/ha) seed mucilage yield was obtained in 40% and 60% ASW depletion, respectively. In L. iberica, seed mucilage yield of Mashhad ecotype was 34.04 kg/ha higher as compared to Urmia ecotype. By increasing available soil water depletion, seed protein content decreased to 7.30% in L. iberica; however, it remained unchanged in L. royleana. Oil content was not affected by irrigation treatments. Oil yield of Mashhad ecotype of L. iberica was 41.5% higher as compared with Urmia ecotype. The highest grain yield (208.4kg/ha) was obtained at 40% available soil water depletion. The grain yield at 60% available soil water depletion (107.3kg/ha) decreased to 43.84% as compared to 40% available soil water depletion. Contrary to L. iberica, significant differences were observed among the ecotypes of L. royleana in terms of grain yield. In general, under deficit irrigation, seed mucilage percentage of balangu increased, however, the protein percentage decreased.
Z. Rasouli; S. Maleki Farahani; H. Besharati
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) quantitative and qualitative yield was assessed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included NPK fertilizers at three levels (0, 50 and 100 percent of the recommended amount of fertilizer) and non-chemical ...
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) quantitative and qualitative yield was assessed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included NPK fertilizers at three levels (0, 50 and 100 percent of the recommended amount of fertilizer) and non-chemical fertilizers in four levels (no fertilizer, vermicompost, bio fertilizers containing Pseudomonas and Bacillus, and integrated application of vermicompost and bio fertilizers). Results showed that the interaction effect of chemical and non-chemical fertilizers was significant on all parameters and fertilization increased the quality and quantity yield of saffron compared to control. Integrated application of 50% of the amounts of chemical fertilizers, vermicompost and bacteria was the superior treatment to increase stigma dry weight, stigma yield, crocin percentage, picrocrocin percentage and safranal percentage by 2.03, 4.65, 0.83, 1.10 and 1.46 fold, respectively in comparison with control. Although the effectiveness of integrated application of bacteria with 0% and 100% chemical fertilizers on crocin content, pure vermicompost and integrated application of bacteria with 50% and 100% chemical fertilizers on picrocrocin content and pure bacteria on safranal content were more than those of integrated application of vermicompost, bio and 50% chemical fertilizer, the greatest impacts of recent treatment on flower yield, stigma yield and stigma ingredients led to introduce it as the superior treatment. The effectiveness of this treatment compared to 0%, 50% and 100% of chemical fertilizer application on dry stigma was 50.95%, 20.48% and 12.86%, respectively.
